1) Watch the video on JIT and answer the questions:
1.What kind of company does Dell represent?
2.Who is chairman of TNC Dell?
3.Which are major characteristics of Dell’s strategy(direct model)?
4.Where are the Dell’s facilities strategically located?
5.Draw the scheme of Dell’s manufacturing centers.
6.What is “the brain” of each facility?
7.What does CFI ( Custom Factory Integration) allow the customers?
8.Why do the warehouses not exist in Dell?
9.What does “build-to-order” process generate every 2 hours?
10.Who is Chief Executive Officer of Dell?
2) Watch the video very carefully and explain what they were used for?
1. Michael Dell
2. manufacturing scheduling system
3. every 2 hours
4. brains of facility
5. CFI
6. park inventories
7. service tag number
8. last step of kitting process
9. boxing
10. Kevin Collins
3) True or False questions.
1. Bill Gates is one of the owners of Dell.
2. There are 6 facilities of Dell around the world.
3. Dell uses strategy of JIT.
4. During every hour the materials required are delivered to the factory.
5. All products manufactured by Dell are distributed from the one center.
6. Dell’s servers are brains of facilities.
7. Park inventories are high.
8. All products in Dell have a unique tag number.
9. There are a lot of warehouses in Dell.
10. Kevin Rollins is a middle manager in Dell.
4) Fill in the following statements.
1.Michael dell is chairman of ….
2. Dell has manufacturing facilities in …
3. All orders in Dell are sequenced into production schedules every … hours.
4. Every manufacturing center across the globe acts like … of facility.
5. Labeling is the … stage of production process in Dell.
6. After being delivered to facility materials required are … to order.
7. There … warehouses and park inventories are …
8. Identifier or Tag number is … and has human and machine … format.
вторник, 17 мая 2011 г.
понедельник, 16 мая 2011 г.
Labour Relations ( Unit 7 )
EXERCISES
1B Vocabulary
Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right
1 collective bargaining A a general term for strikes,go-slows,
work-to-rules,and so on
2 a strike B a deliberate reduction in the rate of production
as a protest
3 a go-slow(GB) C a stoppage of work,as a protest against working
or slowdown (US) conditions,low pay, and so on
4 working-to-rule D negotiations between unions and employers
about their members' wages
5 industrial action E to protest outside a factory or other workplace,
and try to persuade workers and delivery drivers
not to enter
6 to picket F deliberately obeying every regulation in an organization,
which severely disrupts normal
operations
2C Vocabulary
Find the words in the text which mean the following.
1 people who work with their hands
2 a union for workers with a particular type of a job
3 to ask someone's opinion before making a decision
4 an opponent or emeny
5 too expensive,wasteful,loss-making
6 unlimited and unfairly used power
7 ending or relaxing restrictive laws
8 areas of the economy run by the local or national goverment
9 hostile,almost aggresive,seeking conflicts
10 a large corporation,made up of a group of companies
Who Needs Unions ?
Manual an service industry workers are often organized in labour unions,which attempt to ensure fair wages,reasonable working hours and safe working conditions for their members. British unions are known as trade unions because,as in Germany, they are largely organized according to trade or skill: there is an engineer's union, an elecricians' union, a train-drivers' union , and so on. In other countries , including France and Italy, unions are largely political: workers in different industries join unions with a particular political position.
Industrial relations tend to be better in coutries,industries and companies where communications are good , i.e. where management consults workers on matters that will concern them,where neither side treats the other as an adversary,and when unions do not insist upon the preservation of completely uneconomic jobs and working practices. Although some employers and managers (and political parties) oppose the very existence of unions - even though, like doctors,lawyers,accountants, and so on,they might themselves belong to a professional association with similar basic aims- many management theorists stress the necessity of unions. In the 1970s,Peter Drucker wrote that "Management is and has to be a power.Any power needs restraint and control - or else it becomes tyranny. The union serves an essential function in indusrial society."*Yet one of the chief objectives of right-wing governments in the 1980s ( e.g. in Britain and the USA ) was to diminish the power of trade unions , and to deregulate labour markets in accordance with the ideal of free markets.
As a result of deregulation,working conditions in many industries in many countries have worsened,leading to the creation of a great many casual , part-time,unskilled jobs done by non-unionized workers. France,for example, has the lowest number of workers in trade unions in the industrialized world. The unions now represent less than 10 % of the French work force , and most of those are in the public sector. The vast majority of French workers seem to have rejected the confrontational politics of the main uinions, notably the communist-controlled CGT. Consequently,when the largely non-unionized French lorry drivers blocked all the motorways in the summer of 1992,sriking over the introduction of a new driver's license with a penalty-point system ( and over their working conditions in general), the French government found no one to negotiate with.
In fact, a number of politicians and bussiness leaders are beginning to regret the weakness of unions . some managers, including Antoine Riboud, the former head of the huge Danone food conglomerate, actively encourage unionization because they insist that a big company needs someone to represent and articulate the needs og the employees and act as a social partner to the emplyer. But there is clearly a problem if workers believe that the unions are incapable of doing this, and choose not to join them.
*Peter Drucker: An Introductory of Management
TRADUCERE
Cine are nevoie de sindicate ?
Muncitorii din industria manuala si indusria serviciilor sunt deseori organizati in sindicate,care incearca sa asigure salarii cinstite,ore de lucru rezonabile si conditii bune de lucru pentru membrii lor. Sindicatele Britanice sunt cunoscute ca sindicate comerciale,deoarece,ca si in Germania, ele sunt organizate conform ocupatiilor,exista sindicatul inginerilor,sindicatul electricienilor,sindicatul masinistilor,si altele.In alte tari,inclusiv Franta si Italia,sindicatele sunt deobicei politice:muncitorii din diferite sfere de activitate aplica sindicatele cu o anumita pozitie politica.
Relatiile industriale tind sa fie mai trainice in acele tari,industrii si companii,unde comunicarea este la un nivel avansat,adica unde managementul consulta angajatii privind aspectele ce trebuie sa fie luate in consideratie,în cazul în care nici una din părţi tratează celelalta ca un adversar, şi atunci când sindicatele nu insistă asupra păstrarea locurilor de muncă complet nerentabile si practicilor de lucru. Deşi unii angajatori şi manageri (şi partide politice) se opun însăşi existenţei sindicatelor - chiar un medic, avocat, contabil, şi aşa mai departe, s-ar putea ei înşişi sa adere la o asociaţie profesională cu obiective de baza similare- multi teoriticieni ai managementului ating intrebarea necisitatii sindicatelor. In anii 70 sec.XX,Peter Drucker a scris ca " managementul este si trebuie sa fie o putere. orice putere necesita retinere si control,in caz contrar devine o tiranie. Sindicatul serveste drept functie esentiala in industria societatii."Totuşi, una din principalele obiective ale guvernelor de dreapta în anii 1980 (de exemplu, în Marea Britanie şi SUA) a fost de a diminua puterea sindicatelor, de a descentraliza pieţele forţei de muncă, în conformitate cu idealul pieţei libere.
Ca urmare a dereglementarii, condiţiile de muncă în multe ţări industriale s-au înrăutăţit, conducând la crearea unor locuri de muncă cauzale ,part-time,ce nu cer forte de muna calificata si ce sunt indiplinite de către lucrători neorganizati in sindicate.De exemplu in Franta,este cel mai mic numar de muncitori ce fac parte din sindicate. Sindicatele reprezinta mai putin de 10 % din toate forta de munca, si care mare majoritate fac parte din sectorul public. Mare parte din muncitorii francezi se simt respinsi de politica de confruntare a sindicatelor principale, în special CGT controlată de comunişti.În consecinţă, în cazul în care mare parte şoferilor de camioane neorganizati in sindicatele franceze au blocat toate autostrăzile în vara anului 1992, protestind contra introducerii permisului nou de conducere cu un sistem de penalizare de puncte(si contra condiţiilor de muncă, în general), guvernul francez nici nu a gasit cu cine să negocieze .
De fapt , exista un numar de politicieni si lideri in afaceri , ce regreta slabiciunea sindicatelor. Unii manageri , inclusiv Antoine Riboud , fostul şef a ganticei companii alimentare Danone, încuraja sindicalizarea în mod activ, deoarece acestea insistă asupra faptului că o companie mare are nevoie de cineva sa reprezinte şi sa articuleze nevoile angajaţilor şi să acţioneze ca un partener social la angajatorului.Dar există în mod clar o problemă în cazul în care muncitorii cred că sindicatele sunt incapabili de a face acest lucru, şi alege să nu să li se alăture.
This clip is from a wide-ranging look at what trade unions are, what they do, who is in them, and stuff like that. This clip shows a bunch of young people dealing with the question: "what's the difference between trade unions and management?"
Listen for the third time , if necessary , to check your answers.Complete the following sentences with these words .
1 Unions are a necesasary ......... for the interests of workers.
2 In countries like South Korea or Poland,or South Africa,trade unions have played an enormous ....... political and economic .........
3 As long as ............ have needs that necessitate to be .............. they'll need trade unions.
4 .................... employers, that want effective social ......... and want also a.............. and dynamic economy , should encourage trade unions.
5 In some of the most successful economies, a strong trade presence is recognized by ........... and accepted as a ................... by the government.
Authors : Kovalenko Andrew
Ovseanic Vladislav
1B Vocabulary
Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right
1 collective bargaining A a general term for strikes,go-slows,
work-to-rules,and so on
2 a strike B a deliberate reduction in the rate of production
as a protest
3 a go-slow(GB) C a stoppage of work,as a protest against working
or slowdown (US) conditions,low pay, and so on
4 working-to-rule D negotiations between unions and employers
about their members' wages
5 industrial action E to protest outside a factory or other workplace,
and try to persuade workers and delivery drivers
not to enter
6 to picket F deliberately obeying every regulation in an organization,
which severely disrupts normal
operations
2C Vocabulary
Find the words in the text which mean the following.
1 people who work with their hands
2 a union for workers with a particular type of a job
3 to ask someone's opinion before making a decision
4 an opponent or emeny
5 too expensive,wasteful,loss-making
6 unlimited and unfairly used power
7 ending or relaxing restrictive laws
8 areas of the economy run by the local or national goverment
9 hostile,almost aggresive,seeking conflicts
10 a large corporation,made up of a group of companies
Who Needs Unions ?
Manual an service industry workers are often organized in labour unions,which attempt to ensure fair wages,reasonable working hours and safe working conditions for their members. British unions are known as trade unions because,as in Germany, they are largely organized according to trade or skill: there is an engineer's union, an elecricians' union, a train-drivers' union , and so on. In other countries , including France and Italy, unions are largely political: workers in different industries join unions with a particular political position.
Industrial relations tend to be better in coutries,industries and companies where communications are good , i.e. where management consults workers on matters that will concern them,where neither side treats the other as an adversary,and when unions do not insist upon the preservation of completely uneconomic jobs and working practices. Although some employers and managers (and political parties) oppose the very existence of unions - even though, like doctors,lawyers,accountants, and so on,they might themselves belong to a professional association with similar basic aims- many management theorists stress the necessity of unions. In the 1970s,Peter Drucker wrote that "Management is and has to be a power.Any power needs restraint and control - or else it becomes tyranny. The union serves an essential function in indusrial society."*Yet one of the chief objectives of right-wing governments in the 1980s ( e.g. in Britain and the USA ) was to diminish the power of trade unions , and to deregulate labour markets in accordance with the ideal of free markets.
As a result of deregulation,working conditions in many industries in many countries have worsened,leading to the creation of a great many casual , part-time,unskilled jobs done by non-unionized workers. France,for example, has the lowest number of workers in trade unions in the industrialized world. The unions now represent less than 10 % of the French work force , and most of those are in the public sector. The vast majority of French workers seem to have rejected the confrontational politics of the main uinions, notably the communist-controlled CGT. Consequently,when the largely non-unionized French lorry drivers blocked all the motorways in the summer of 1992,sriking over the introduction of a new driver's license with a penalty-point system ( and over their working conditions in general), the French government found no one to negotiate with.
In fact, a number of politicians and bussiness leaders are beginning to regret the weakness of unions . some managers, including Antoine Riboud, the former head of the huge Danone food conglomerate, actively encourage unionization because they insist that a big company needs someone to represent and articulate the needs og the employees and act as a social partner to the emplyer. But there is clearly a problem if workers believe that the unions are incapable of doing this, and choose not to join them.
*Peter Drucker: An Introductory of Management
TRADUCERE
Cine are nevoie de sindicate ?
Muncitorii din industria manuala si indusria serviciilor sunt deseori organizati in sindicate,care incearca sa asigure salarii cinstite,ore de lucru rezonabile si conditii bune de lucru pentru membrii lor. Sindicatele Britanice sunt cunoscute ca sindicate comerciale,deoarece,ca si in Germania, ele sunt organizate conform ocupatiilor,exista sindicatul inginerilor,sindicatul electricienilor,sindicatul masinistilor,si altele.In alte tari,inclusiv Franta si Italia,sindicatele sunt deobicei politice:muncitorii din diferite sfere de activitate aplica sindicatele cu o anumita pozitie politica.
Relatiile industriale tind sa fie mai trainice in acele tari,industrii si companii,unde comunicarea este la un nivel avansat,adica unde managementul consulta angajatii privind aspectele ce trebuie sa fie luate in consideratie,în cazul în care nici una din părţi tratează celelalta ca un adversar, şi atunci când sindicatele nu insistă asupra păstrarea locurilor de muncă complet nerentabile si practicilor de lucru. Deşi unii angajatori şi manageri (şi partide politice) se opun însăşi existenţei sindicatelor - chiar un medic, avocat, contabil, şi aşa mai departe, s-ar putea ei înşişi sa adere la o asociaţie profesională cu obiective de baza similare- multi teoriticieni ai managementului ating intrebarea necisitatii sindicatelor. In anii 70 sec.XX,Peter Drucker a scris ca " managementul este si trebuie sa fie o putere. orice putere necesita retinere si control,in caz contrar devine o tiranie. Sindicatul serveste drept functie esentiala in industria societatii."Totuşi, una din principalele obiective ale guvernelor de dreapta în anii 1980 (de exemplu, în Marea Britanie şi SUA) a fost de a diminua puterea sindicatelor, de a descentraliza pieţele forţei de muncă, în conformitate cu idealul pieţei libere.
Ca urmare a dereglementarii, condiţiile de muncă în multe ţări industriale s-au înrăutăţit, conducând la crearea unor locuri de muncă cauzale ,part-time,ce nu cer forte de muna calificata si ce sunt indiplinite de către lucrători neorganizati in sindicate.De exemplu in Franta,este cel mai mic numar de muncitori ce fac parte din sindicate. Sindicatele reprezinta mai putin de 10 % din toate forta de munca, si care mare majoritate fac parte din sectorul public. Mare parte din muncitorii francezi se simt respinsi de politica de confruntare a sindicatelor principale, în special CGT controlată de comunişti.În consecinţă, în cazul în care mare parte şoferilor de camioane neorganizati in sindicatele franceze au blocat toate autostrăzile în vara anului 1992, protestind contra introducerii permisului nou de conducere cu un sistem de penalizare de puncte(si contra condiţiilor de muncă, în general), guvernul francez nici nu a gasit cu cine să negocieze .
De fapt , exista un numar de politicieni si lideri in afaceri , ce regreta slabiciunea sindicatelor. Unii manageri , inclusiv Antoine Riboud , fostul şef a ganticei companii alimentare Danone, încuraja sindicalizarea în mod activ, deoarece acestea insistă asupra faptului că o companie mare are nevoie de cineva sa reprezinte şi sa articuleze nevoile angajaţilor şi să acţioneze ca un partener social la angajatorului.Dar există în mod clar o problemă în cazul în care muncitorii cred că sindicatele sunt incapabili de a face acest lucru, şi alege să nu să li se alăture.
This clip is from a wide-ranging look at what trade unions are, what they do, who is in them, and stuff like that. This clip shows a bunch of young people dealing with the question: "what's the difference between trade unions and management?"
Listen for the third time , if necessary , to check your answers.Complete the following sentences with these words .
1 Unions are a necesasary ......... for the interests of workers.
2 In countries like South Korea or Poland,or South Africa,trade unions have played an enormous ....... political and economic .........
3 As long as ............ have needs that necessitate to be .............. they'll need trade unions.
4 .................... employers, that want effective social ......... and want also a.............. and dynamic economy , should encourage trade unions.
5 In some of the most successful economies, a strong trade presence is recognized by ........... and accepted as a ................... by the government.
Authors : Kovalenko Andrew
Lesson 9,Products and Brands
1. Marketing theorists tend to give the world product a very broad meaning,using it to refer to anything capable of satisfying a need or want. Thus services,activities,people(politicians,athletes,film stars),places(holiday resorts),organizations(hospitals,colleges,political parties),and ideas,as well as physical objects offered for sale by retailers,can be considered as products. Physical products can usually be augmented by benefits such as customer advice,delivery,credit facilities,a warranty or guarantee,maintenance,after-sales service,and so on.
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2. Some manufactures use their name(the 'family name')for all their products,e.g. Philips,Colgate,Yamaha. Others,including Unilever and Procter & Gamble,market various products individual brand names,with result that many customers are unfamiliar with the name of the manufacturing company. The major producers of soap powders,for example,are famous for their multi-brand strategy which allows them to compete in various market segments,and to fill shelf space in shops,thereby leaving less room for competitors. It also gives them a greater chance of getting some of the custom of brand-switchers.
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3. Most manufacturers produce a large number of products,often divided into product lines.Most product lines consists of several products,often distinguished by brand names,.e.g. a range of soap powders ,or of toothpastes.Several different items(different sizes or models)may share the same brand name. Together,a company's items,brands and products constitute its product mix. Since different products are always at different stages of their life cycles,with growing,stable or declining sales and profitability,and because markets,opportunities and resources are in constant evolution,companies are always looking to the future,and re-evaluating their product mix.
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4.Companies whose objectives include high market share and market growth generally have long product lines,i.e. a large number of items. Companies whose objective is high profitability will have shorter lines,including only profitable items.Yet most product lines have a tendency to lengthen over time,as companies produce variations on existing items,or add additional items to cover further market segments.Additions to product lines can be the result of either line-stretching or line-filling. Line-stretching means lengthening a product line by moving either up-market or down-market,i.e. making items of higher or lower quality. This can be carried out in order to reach new costumers,to enter growing or more profitable market segments,to react to competitors' initiatives,and so on. Yet such moves may cause image problems:moving to the lower and of a market dilutes a company's image for quality,while a company at the bottom of a range may not convince dealers and customers that it can produce quality products for the high end. Line-filling-adding further items in that part of a product range which a line already covers-might be done in order to compete in competitors' niches,or simply to utilize excess production capacity.
1.Answer to the questions.
1.What we will explore today?
2.How much money was invested?
3.How is the brand?
4.What is the brand?
5.What give the distinction? distinction give a differentiation, and with differentiation you have commodity.
6.What nation begin to use the brand?
7.For what Egyptians had used the brand?
8.What is the branding?
9.What allieds the brand?
10.What influences the brand? (
2.True or false.
1.Welcome to “Brand in an hour” .
2. Today we will exploring the reality about brand.
3. Commodity is not about marketing at all.
4. Parks and services don’t use brand.
5. Brands are build by marketing.
6. A true brand allieds management vision with the company’s culture and its image.
7. The old marketing in advertising make the promise.
8. Different tools use to activate a brand,that is the branding. (
9. With differentiation you don’t have commodity.
10. Brand is misunderstood topic in business today.
3.Find the place of words.
(1-Brand, 2-claim, 3-differentiation, 4-marketing, 5-nothing, 6-simplicity)
Maybe it because ____is intangible or perhaps ____is not about ____at all. So what is it? Brands is a ____ of distinction. It’s not simple, ____more, no labor definitions convoluted with part words in details. Think about the____, with out distinction you can’t have a____, and without ____you have commodity.
4.Correct the mistakes made in the text after listening the video.
A true brand alieds management vision with the company’s culture and its style. The old marketing in advertysing which make the promise ,the product influences the suvers,innovation,engagement and execution of the only organization.This influence insure the brand promise is consistently sent and experienced.Thats why is only the marketing function but noncorporate initiative.
TRADUCERE
1.Teoreticieni de marketing tind să dea produsul global o semnificaţie foarte largă, folosindu-l pentru a se referi la ceva capabil să satisfacă o nevoie sau o dorinta. Astfel de servicii, activităţi, oameni (politicieni, sportivi, vedete de film), locuri de statiuni (de vacanţă), organizatii (spitale, colegii, partide politice), şi idei, precum si obiecte fizice oferite spre vânzare de către comercianţii cu amănuntul, pot fi considerate ca produse . Produselor fizice pot fi, de obicei diversificate prin beneficii cum ar fi consilierea clientului, livrare, facilităţi de creditare, o garanţie sau o garanţie, întreţinere, serviciile post-vânzare, şi aşa mai departe.
2.Unele produce utilizeaza numele lor ( "nume de familie") pentru toate produsele lor, de exemplu, Philips, Colgate, Yamaha. Alţii, inclusiv Unilever şi Procter & Gamble, piata cu diferite produse nume de marcă individual, ca rezultat faptului că mulţi clienţi sunt familiarizate cu numele companiei de fabricaţie. Producătorii majori de pulberi săpun, de exemplu, sunt renumiti pentru strategia lor de varietatea brandului care le permite să concureze pe diferite segmente de piaţă, şi pentru a umple spaţiul de depozitare în magazine, lăsând astfel mai puţin spaţiu pentru concurenţi. De asemenea, le se dă o şansă mai mare de a avea o parte din procesul care invoca posibilitati promte a scimba brandul
3. Majoritatea producătorilor produc un număr mare de produse, de multe ori împărţită în linii de produse.Majoritatea produselor de linie sunt compuse din mai multe produse, de multe ori se disting prin nume de marcă,. De exemplu. o gamă de praf de săpun, sau depasta de dinti.Citeva articole diferite (de diferite marimi sau modele) pot avea acelasi nume.Impreuna au aceeaşi marcă, articolele unei companii, mărci şi produse constituie un mix.De atunci produsele diferite sunt întotdeauna la diferite etape ale vieţii lor de cicluri, cu tot mai mare, stabil sau vânzările sunt in descrestere şi a rentabilităţii, şi pentru că pieţele, oportunităţile şi resursele sunt în evoluţie constantă, companiile sunt mereu în căutarea spre viitor, şi re-evaluare a mixul lor de produse.
4.Companiile ce au drept obiectiv să obţină o cota de piaţă şi extinderea pietii, în general, au linii de produse lungi, şi anume un număr mare de articole. Companiile ce au drept obiectiv să obţină o înaltă profitabilitate deţin linii de produse mai scurte, şi anume un număr mare de articole profitabile. Insa majoritatea liniilor de produse au tendinţa de a-şi prelungi longitivitatea, pe masura ce companiile diversifică articolele existente, sau a adăuga elemente suplimentare pentru a acoperi mai multe segmente ale pieţii. Suplimentele la linii de produse poate fi rezultatul, fie a extinderii sau a completarii liniilor de produse. Extinderea liniilor de produse presupune atragerea acestora sau in piata de sus sau in piata de jos, şi anume considerarea elementelor de calitate privind produsul. Acesta masura are loc cu scopul de a atrage noi consumatori, de a penetra o piata mai profitabila si de a reactiona la intiativa cocurentilor etc. Insa astfel de masuri pot provoca probleme de imagine: se inrautateste si pentru piata diminuaeza calitatea imaginii companiei in timp ce compania la sfrirsitul listei nu poate convinge dilerii si consumatorii ca ar putea insfirsit marfa calitaive. Linia care pe parcurs foloseste operatiuni suplimentare la etapa de prosucere in serie pe care deja fusese exploatata poate fi creata pentru a concura pe nisele competitorului sau [ur si simpluutilizeaza in exces/ cu zel capacitatea de producere.
Exercises
1b Reading/45
Read the following text, and write a brief heading for each paragraph.
1c Comprehension
1.Why do the big soap powder producers have a multi-brand strategy?
2.Why do companies’ product mixes regularly change?
3.What factors influence the length of companies’ product lines?
4.What are the potential dangers of line-stretching?
5.Why might companies undertake line-filling?
1d Vocabulary
Find words or expressions in the text which mean the following.
1.The possibility of paying for a product over an extended period
2.A promise by a manufacturer or seller to repair or replace defective goods during a certain period of time
3.A surface in a store on which goods are displayed
4.Consumers who buy various competing products rather than being loyal to a particular brand
5.The standard pattern of sales of a product over the period that it is marketed
6.The extent to which an activity provides financial gain
7.Possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which the company can produce goods or services effectively
8.The sales of a company expressed as a percentage of total sales in a given market
9.The set of beliefs that the public at large holds of an organization
10.A small, specialized, but profitable segment of a market.
2a Discussion
Do you ever use vending machines? If so, what for, why and when?
Answer Keys
1b
1.Products capable to satisfy a need./ Which physical objects are considered products?/ Physical products and their benefits.
2.Brand names./ The most famous brand names./ Multi-brand strategy leaves less room for competitors.
3.Products’ life cycle./ Examples of product lines./ What is product mix constituted by?
4.Company’s strategy./ Most product lines have a tendency to lengthen over time./ High profitability is the objective of companies.
1c
1.Big soap powder producers use a multi-brand strategy in order to be able to compete in various market segments, fill shelf-space in shops, thereby leaving less room for competitors and giving a greater choice to brand-switcher.
2.Companies’ product mixes regularly change because these companies want to keep pace with the growing or declining sales and profitability, they adjust markets, opportunities and resources which are in constant evolution.
3.The factors that influence the length of product lines are: the objectives set by the companies, time, line stretching or line-fillings. High profitability, as an objective means shorter product lines. Although most product lines have a tendency to lengthen over time, by producing variation on existing items, or add additional items.
4.Moving to the lower end of a market affects the image of the company for quality, which changing the bottom of a range it would lead to convince customers and dealers that it can produce quality product for the high end.
5.Companies usually undertake line-filling to compete in competitors’ niches, or simply to utilize excess production capacity.
1d
1.Credit facility
2.Guarantee/ Warranty
3.Shelf/ space
4.Brand-switchers
5.Brand
6.Lengthening/ Profitability
7.Market opportunity
8.Market share
9.Image of a company
10.Niches
2a
No, I’ve never used vending machines. If there would be a shop next to my place I would buy products there.
But, besides me there are a lot of people that are using vending machines. Why? Because sometimes they need different products at a rather unexpected time. Vending machines have been created that allow food to be served hot or cold. By using vending machines one may compliment traditional catering by providing convenient and economic solutions to many problems. Factories, hospitals and emergency services work round-the-clock, but their canteens may provide services only during the day.
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2. Some manufactures use their name(the 'family name')for all their products,e.g. Philips,Colgate,Yamaha. Others,including Unilever and Procter & Gamble,market various products individual brand names,with result that many customers are unfamiliar with the name of the manufacturing company. The major producers of soap powders,for example,are famous for their multi-brand strategy which allows them to compete in various market segments,and to fill shelf space in shops,thereby leaving less room for competitors. It also gives them a greater chance of getting some of the custom of brand-switchers.
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3. Most manufacturers produce a large number of products,often divided into product lines.Most product lines consists of several products,often distinguished by brand names,.e.g. a range of soap powders ,or of toothpastes.Several different items(different sizes or models)may share the same brand name. Together,a company's items,brands and products constitute its product mix. Since different products are always at different stages of their life cycles,with growing,stable or declining sales and profitability,and because markets,opportunities and resources are in constant evolution,companies are always looking to the future,and re-evaluating their product mix.
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4.Companies whose objectives include high market share and market growth generally have long product lines,i.e. a large number of items. Companies whose objective is high profitability will have shorter lines,including only profitable items.Yet most product lines have a tendency to lengthen over time,as companies produce variations on existing items,or add additional items to cover further market segments.Additions to product lines can be the result of either line-stretching or line-filling. Line-stretching means lengthening a product line by moving either up-market or down-market,i.e. making items of higher or lower quality. This can be carried out in order to reach new costumers,to enter growing or more profitable market segments,to react to competitors' initiatives,and so on. Yet such moves may cause image problems:moving to the lower and of a market dilutes a company's image for quality,while a company at the bottom of a range may not convince dealers and customers that it can produce quality products for the high end. Line-filling-adding further items in that part of a product range which a line already covers-might be done in order to compete in competitors' niches,or simply to utilize excess production capacity.
1.Answer to the questions.
1.What we will explore today?
2.How much money was invested?
3.How is the brand?
4.What is the brand?
5.What give the distinction? distinction give a differentiation, and with differentiation you have commodity.
6.What nation begin to use the brand?
7.For what Egyptians had used the brand?
8.What is the branding?
9.What allieds the brand?
10.What influences the brand? (
2.True or false.
1.Welcome to “Brand in an hour” .
2. Today we will exploring the reality about brand.
3. Commodity is not about marketing at all.
4. Parks and services don’t use brand.
5. Brands are build by marketing.
6. A true brand allieds management vision with the company’s culture and its image.
7. The old marketing in advertising make the promise.
8. Different tools use to activate a brand,that is the branding. (
9. With differentiation you don’t have commodity.
10. Brand is misunderstood topic in business today.
3.Find the place of words.
(1-Brand, 2-claim, 3-differentiation, 4-marketing, 5-nothing, 6-simplicity)
Maybe it because ____is intangible or perhaps ____is not about ____at all. So what is it? Brands is a ____ of distinction. It’s not simple, ____more, no labor definitions convoluted with part words in details. Think about the____, with out distinction you can’t have a____, and without ____you have commodity.
4.Correct the mistakes made in the text after listening the video.
A true brand alieds management vision with the company’s culture and its style. The old marketing in advertysing which make the promise ,the product influences the suvers,innovation,engagement and execution of the only organization.This influence insure the brand promise is consistently sent and experienced.Thats why is only the marketing function but noncorporate initiative.
TRADUCERE
1.Teoreticieni de marketing tind să dea produsul global o semnificaţie foarte largă, folosindu-l pentru a se referi la ceva capabil să satisfacă o nevoie sau o dorinta. Astfel de servicii, activităţi, oameni (politicieni, sportivi, vedete de film), locuri de statiuni (de vacanţă), organizatii (spitale, colegii, partide politice), şi idei, precum si obiecte fizice oferite spre vânzare de către comercianţii cu amănuntul, pot fi considerate ca produse . Produselor fizice pot fi, de obicei diversificate prin beneficii cum ar fi consilierea clientului, livrare, facilităţi de creditare, o garanţie sau o garanţie, întreţinere, serviciile post-vânzare, şi aşa mai departe.
2.Unele produce utilizeaza numele lor ( "nume de familie") pentru toate produsele lor, de exemplu, Philips, Colgate, Yamaha. Alţii, inclusiv Unilever şi Procter & Gamble, piata cu diferite produse nume de marcă individual, ca rezultat faptului că mulţi clienţi sunt familiarizate cu numele companiei de fabricaţie. Producătorii majori de pulberi săpun, de exemplu, sunt renumiti pentru strategia lor de varietatea brandului care le permite să concureze pe diferite segmente de piaţă, şi pentru a umple spaţiul de depozitare în magazine, lăsând astfel mai puţin spaţiu pentru concurenţi. De asemenea, le se dă o şansă mai mare de a avea o parte din procesul care invoca posibilitati promte a scimba brandul
3. Majoritatea producătorilor produc un număr mare de produse, de multe ori împărţită în linii de produse.Majoritatea produselor de linie sunt compuse din mai multe produse, de multe ori se disting prin nume de marcă,. De exemplu. o gamă de praf de săpun, sau depasta de dinti.Citeva articole diferite (de diferite marimi sau modele) pot avea acelasi nume.Impreuna au aceeaşi marcă, articolele unei companii, mărci şi produse constituie un mix.De atunci produsele diferite sunt întotdeauna la diferite etape ale vieţii lor de cicluri, cu tot mai mare, stabil sau vânzările sunt in descrestere şi a rentabilităţii, şi pentru că pieţele, oportunităţile şi resursele sunt în evoluţie constantă, companiile sunt mereu în căutarea spre viitor, şi re-evaluare a mixul lor de produse.
4.Companiile ce au drept obiectiv să obţină o cota de piaţă şi extinderea pietii, în general, au linii de produse lungi, şi anume un număr mare de articole. Companiile ce au drept obiectiv să obţină o înaltă profitabilitate deţin linii de produse mai scurte, şi anume un număr mare de articole profitabile. Insa majoritatea liniilor de produse au tendinţa de a-şi prelungi longitivitatea, pe masura ce companiile diversifică articolele existente, sau a adăuga elemente suplimentare pentru a acoperi mai multe segmente ale pieţii. Suplimentele la linii de produse poate fi rezultatul, fie a extinderii sau a completarii liniilor de produse. Extinderea liniilor de produse presupune atragerea acestora sau in piata de sus sau in piata de jos, şi anume considerarea elementelor de calitate privind produsul. Acesta masura are loc cu scopul de a atrage noi consumatori, de a penetra o piata mai profitabila si de a reactiona la intiativa cocurentilor etc. Insa astfel de masuri pot provoca probleme de imagine: se inrautateste si pentru piata diminuaeza calitatea imaginii companiei in timp ce compania la sfrirsitul listei nu poate convinge dilerii si consumatorii ca ar putea insfirsit marfa calitaive. Linia care pe parcurs foloseste operatiuni suplimentare la etapa de prosucere in serie pe care deja fusese exploatata poate fi creata pentru a concura pe nisele competitorului sau [ur si simpluutilizeaza in exces/ cu zel capacitatea de producere.
Exercises
1b Reading/45
Read the following text, and write a brief heading for each paragraph.
1c Comprehension
1.Why do the big soap powder producers have a multi-brand strategy?
2.Why do companies’ product mixes regularly change?
3.What factors influence the length of companies’ product lines?
4.What are the potential dangers of line-stretching?
5.Why might companies undertake line-filling?
1d Vocabulary
Find words or expressions in the text which mean the following.
1.The possibility of paying for a product over an extended period
2.A promise by a manufacturer or seller to repair or replace defective goods during a certain period of time
3.A surface in a store on which goods are displayed
4.Consumers who buy various competing products rather than being loyal to a particular brand
5.The standard pattern of sales of a product over the period that it is marketed
6.The extent to which an activity provides financial gain
7.Possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which the company can produce goods or services effectively
8.The sales of a company expressed as a percentage of total sales in a given market
9.The set of beliefs that the public at large holds of an organization
10.A small, specialized, but profitable segment of a market.
2a Discussion
Do you ever use vending machines? If so, what for, why and when?
Answer Keys
1b
1.Products capable to satisfy a need./ Which physical objects are considered products?/ Physical products and their benefits.
2.Brand names./ The most famous brand names./ Multi-brand strategy leaves less room for competitors.
3.Products’ life cycle./ Examples of product lines./ What is product mix constituted by?
4.Company’s strategy./ Most product lines have a tendency to lengthen over time./ High profitability is the objective of companies.
1c
1.Big soap powder producers use a multi-brand strategy in order to be able to compete in various market segments, fill shelf-space in shops, thereby leaving less room for competitors and giving a greater choice to brand-switcher.
2.Companies’ product mixes regularly change because these companies want to keep pace with the growing or declining sales and profitability, they adjust markets, opportunities and resources which are in constant evolution.
3.The factors that influence the length of product lines are: the objectives set by the companies, time, line stretching or line-fillings. High profitability, as an objective means shorter product lines. Although most product lines have a tendency to lengthen over time, by producing variation on existing items, or add additional items.
4.Moving to the lower end of a market affects the image of the company for quality, which changing the bottom of a range it would lead to convince customers and dealers that it can produce quality product for the high end.
5.Companies usually undertake line-filling to compete in competitors’ niches, or simply to utilize excess production capacity.
1d
1.Credit facility
2.Guarantee/ Warranty
3.Shelf/ space
4.Brand-switchers
5.Brand
6.Lengthening/ Profitability
7.Market opportunity
8.Market share
9.Image of a company
10.Niches
2a
No, I’ve never used vending machines. If there would be a shop next to my place I would buy products there.
But, besides me there are a lot of people that are using vending machines. Why? Because sometimes they need different products at a rather unexpected time. Vending machines have been created that allow food to be served hot or cold. By using vending machines one may compliment traditional catering by providing convenient and economic solutions to many problems. Factories, hospitals and emergency services work round-the-clock, but their canteens may provide services only during the day.
воскресенье, 15 мая 2011 г.
Lesson 8
Just-in-time Production
Manufacturing companies are faced with a "make-or-buy decision" for every item or (1).......... they use ( as well as for every process and service). Do they make it themselves or they outsource and buy from a (2)...........? If a company assembles products supplied by large number of subcontractors, they face the problem of how much (3).......... they require.
In Just-In-Time (JIT) production - also called lean production, stockless production, and continuous flow manufacture- nothing is bought and produced untill it is needed. Each section of the production process makes the necessary quantity of the necessary units at the necessary time - which is when it's required by the next stage of the manufacturing process or by distributors or customers.
The JIT system is usually credited to Taiichi Ohno, who was vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s- although he stated that he got the idea from American supermarkets! JIT is wholly contrary to the European and American logic of encouraging greater productivity, and welcoming production that exceeds the agreed schedule of quota, and stocking extras in case of future problems.
JIT minimizes the cost of holding inventories ,which are regarded negatively, as avoidable costs, rathet than as assets. The large Japanese manufacturing factures have long practised (4).........,
and generally used extensive networks of small subcontractors. Of course, if a single subcontractor fails to deliver a component on time the whole production process is sabotaged, but the Japanese industrial system relies on mutual trust and long-term relationships. Small suppliers often attempt to situate their facilities close to the (5)........... of a larger company with which they work.
The Japanese also prefer small, specialized production (6).........
with a limited (7)..............., in which, wherever possible, all the machines required for a certain job are grouped together. This avoids all the waiting and moving time involved in sending half-finished items from one department to another, although it often requires flexible, multi-skilled employees.
JIT thus greatly reduces transportation and inventiry cost, and should ensure that there is no waste from overproduction, or from idle workers waiting for parts. It allows increased productivity because of shortened throughput time. If factories are equiped so that set-up times are short, very small production runs are possible. Any quality problems or product defects should be noticed more quickly, production (8).............. are reduced, and the firn can react more rapidly to demand changes.
KEY WORDS - capacity; component; inventory; lead times; location; outsourcing; plants; subcontractors.
Zubco, Raulet.
Exercise: 1)component; 2)subcontractor; 3inventory; 4)outsourcing; 5)location; 6)plants; 7)capacity; 8)lead times.
Manufacturing companies are faced with a "make-or-buy decision" for every item or (1).......... they use ( as well as for every process and service). Do they make it themselves or they outsource and buy from a (2)...........? If a company assembles products supplied by large number of subcontractors, they face the problem of how much (3).......... they require.
In Just-In-Time (JIT) production - also called lean production, stockless production, and continuous flow manufacture- nothing is bought and produced untill it is needed. Each section of the production process makes the necessary quantity of the necessary units at the necessary time - which is when it's required by the next stage of the manufacturing process or by distributors or customers.
The JIT system is usually credited to Taiichi Ohno, who was vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s- although he stated that he got the idea from American supermarkets! JIT is wholly contrary to the European and American logic of encouraging greater productivity, and welcoming production that exceeds the agreed schedule of quota, and stocking extras in case of future problems.
JIT minimizes the cost of holding inventories ,which are regarded negatively, as avoidable costs, rathet than as assets. The large Japanese manufacturing factures have long practised (4).........,
and generally used extensive networks of small subcontractors. Of course, if a single subcontractor fails to deliver a component on time the whole production process is sabotaged, but the Japanese industrial system relies on mutual trust and long-term relationships. Small suppliers often attempt to situate their facilities close to the (5)........... of a larger company with which they work.
The Japanese also prefer small, specialized production (6).........
with a limited (7)..............., in which, wherever possible, all the machines required for a certain job are grouped together. This avoids all the waiting and moving time involved in sending half-finished items from one department to another, although it often requires flexible, multi-skilled employees.
JIT thus greatly reduces transportation and inventiry cost, and should ensure that there is no waste from overproduction, or from idle workers waiting for parts. It allows increased productivity because of shortened throughput time. If factories are equiped so that set-up times are short, very small production runs are possible. Any quality problems or product defects should be noticed more quickly, production (8).............. are reduced, and the firn can react more rapidly to demand changes.
KEY WORDS - capacity; component; inventory; lead times; location; outsourcing; plants; subcontractors.
Zubco, Raulet.
Exercise: 1)component; 2)subcontractor; 3inventory; 4)outsourcing; 5)location; 6)plants; 7)capacity; 8)lead times.
TRANSLATION.
RUSSIAN variant
Система бережливого производства.
Производственные компании задаются вопросом «произвести или купить» для каждой детали или компонента, которые они используют (также как для каждого процесса и услуги). Делают ли они это самостоятельно или заказывают «на стороне», и покупают у подрядчика? Если компания собирает продукты, предоставляемые большим числом подрядчиков, перед ними возникает проблема – как много инвентаря им требуется.
В бережливом производстве – также называемом «скудным производством», не запасающим и непрерывным потоковым производством – ничего не покупается и не производится, пока это не потребуется. Каждое отделение производственного процесса выпускает необходимое количество необходимых единиц в необходимое время – что происходит, когда это потребуется на следующей стадии производственного процесса, или распространителями или клиентами.
Система бережливого производства обычно приписывается Таиши Оно, который был вице- президентом производства «Тойота» в Японии в далёких 1950-ых – хотя он утверждал, что взял эту идею у американских супермаркетов! Система бережливого производства абсолютно противоположна европейской и американской логике стимулирования большей производительности, и принятия производства, которое превосходит согласованный список или квоту, и накопления излишков в случае будущих проблем.
Система бережливого производства минимизирует издержки содержания инвентаря, которые отрицательно расцениваются, как преодолимые издержки вместо активов. Большие японские производственные компании длительно практикуют аутсорсинг, и в основном используют обширные сети мелких подрядчиков. Конечно, если единственный подрядчик провалит поставку компонентов вовремя, весь производственный процесс будет саботирован, но японская индустриальная система полагается на взаимное доверие и долгосрочные отношения. Маленькие поставщики часто пытаются расположить их средства близко к местоположениям более крупной компании, с которой они работают. Японцы также предпочитают небольшие специализированные производственные заводы с ограниченной мощностью, в которых, везде, где возможно, все машины, требуемые для определенной работы, сгруппированы вместе. Это позволяет избежать всего времени ожидания и перемещения, вовлеченного в пересылку полу законченных предметов из одного отдела в другой, хотя для этого часто требуются гибкие мульти-квалифицированные рабочие.
Система бережливого производства, таким образом, сокращает издержки на транспортировку и инвентарь, и должна гарантировать, что нет потерь от перепроизводства или праздных рабочих, ждущих детали. Это позволяет увеличить производительность, благодаря сократившемуся времени пропускной способности. Если фабрики оснащены так, что время установки короткое, то возможны очень небольшие производственные пробеги. Любые проблемы с качеством или дефекты продукта должны быть замечены быстрее, производственное время выполнения заказа сокращено, и фирма может реагировать быстрее на изменение спроса.
Michitiuc Marina
ROMANIAN variant
ESSAYS.
Production is a complex field of activity, which requires various human practical and intellectual skills and abilities to plan, organize and make decisions.
In each industry producers are faced with a problem which production strategy to choose- to produce or better to buy components for further production process. The head of a company should use the variant that provides more profitability and reduces costs of production.
Just-In-Production offers one method leading a highly efficient and flexible manufacturing process, following the system of outsourcing and producing only needed amounts of required goods without stocking and overproducing them.
As weak points of JIT system we treat a very excessive dependence of the manufacturing company on the chains of small subcontractors, which relies on mutual trust and very strong responsibility of each participant of the process.
Another weak point of JIT, as the American and European producers may consider, is absence of encouraging greater productivity and welcoming overproduction and stocking extras in case of future problems.
But in the same time we can distinguish these features of JIT, that yield high levels of efficiency and profitability.
They are the following: reducing the cost of holding inventory, minimizing of transportation costs and waiting time and production lead times, concentration of subcontractors’ and producer’s facilities nearby; possibility of very small production runs, and quick reaction to demand changes.
Thus the JIT system, certainly, is not ideal; and it has rather problematic weak points, while having convincing features enough to make producers risk and follow this system.
In conclusion I’d like to mention that whatever production system you choose without good human relationships, mutual trust and responsibility none business will achieve success.
Nowadays all manufacturing companies are faced with undoubtedly important “make – or – buy” decision: to produce all needed components or to buy them from subcontractors? Recently a new strategy has appeared that solves that particular problem, nevertheless East and West industrial systems treat that theory completely different. JIT – a great solution or a great disaster?
The economic dictionary defines JIT production as lean production, stockless production, continuous flow manufacture – nothing is bought or produced until it is needed. Its founder is Taiichi Ohno vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s. This strategy is widely implemented in Japanese industrial system but at the same time is criticized in United Europe and USA.
JIT production pursues the aim to economize factors of production and to minimize the costs of production by producing and purchasing only the necessary quantity of components and items. Consequently, money saved from overproduction will make a part of profit. JIT production also reacts more quickly to demand changes what is also very important.
American and European industry, which encourages greater productivity, criticizes JIT strategy for its unreliability. Indeed, if a subcontractor fails to deliver a component on time, production process will be stopped. At the same time, mutual trust and long – time relationships, which are characteristic for Japanese culture and industrial system, can be fundamental in these cases.
In conclusion I want to say that in my opinion JIT production strategy can be extremely useful for every manufacturing company. But remember, though it has a lot of advantages, if you distrust your business partners you should be very careful using it.
Exercises after the text (p.43)
TRUE/FALSE.
1.In JIT, products are "pulled" through the manufacturing process from the end, rather than "pushed" through from the beginning.
2. JIT originated in American manufacturing.
3. JIT encourages production workers to exceed their production targets.
4. Companies using the JIT system and outsourcing many of their components are highly dependent on their subcontractors.5. In a JIT system, a delivery of defective components can be replaced from the reserve inventory.
6. JIT depends on harmonious partnerships between a company and its suppliers.
7. Japanese production systems generally speed up the entire manufacturing process.
8. JIT leads to economies of scale.
VIDEO
1) True or False questions.
1. Bill Gates is one of the owners of Dell.
2. There are 6 facilities of Dell around the world.
3. Dell uses strategy of JIT.
4. During every hour the materials required are delivered to the factory.
5. All products manufactured by Dell are distributed from the only one center.
6. Dell’s servers are brains of facilities.
7. Park inventories are high.
8. All products in Dell have a unique tag number.
9. There are a lot of warehouses in Dell.
10. Kevin Rollins is a middle-level manager in Dell.
2) Fill in the following statements.
1.Michael Dell is chairman of ...............
2. Dell has manufacturing facilities ............
3. All orders in Dell are sequenced into production schedules every ----- hours.
4. Every manufacturing center across the globe acts like................. of facility.
5. Labelling is the ............... stage of production process in Dell.
7. There ..................warehouses and park inventories are .........
8. Identifier or Tag number is ...............and has human and machine ..................format.
Michitiuc Marina
ROMANIAN variant
Companiile de fabricatie se confruntă cu o dificultatea deciziei de “confectionare sau cumparare” pentru orice element sau component pe care il folosesc (precum si pentru fiecare proces si serviciu). Fac ei asta de sine statator sau din exterior, si procura de la o subcontractor? Daca o companie asambleaza produse furnizate de un numar mare de subcontractori, ei intilnesc problema cantitatii de inventar necesar.
In productia tocmai la timp (JIT) – de asemenea se numeste si productie de examinare , productie fara stocare, si flux continuu de fabricare – nimic nu este cumparat sau produs pana cand nu apare necesitatea. Fiecare parte a procesului de productie isi face cantitatea necesara de unitatile de care are nevoie la timpul cuvenit – care este atunci cand este ceruta de etapa urmatoare a procesului de fabricare , sau de distribuitori sau clienti.
Sistemul de productie tocmai la timp este creditat la Taiichi Ohno, care a fost vice-presedinte pentru fabricarea Toyota in Japonia mai inainte de 1950 – desi el a implementat idea preluata de la supermarketurile americane! Productia tocmai la timp este contrara logicii americane si celei europeane de incurajare a producerii in cantitati mari , si productia binevenita care depaseste planul de quota, si stocheaza supraproductia pentru problemele care vor aparea an viitor. Productia tocmai la timp minimizeaza costul de posesiune a inventarului, care este considerat negativ, ca costurile care pot fi evitate , mai degraba ca activele. Marile companii de productie japoneze au practicat mult timp externalizarea si in general folosesc retele extensive sau a subcontractorilor mici. Desigur , daca un subcontractor nu reuşeşte să livreze un component la timp, tot procesul de productie este sabotat, dar sistemul industrial japonez se bazeaza pe relatii parteneriale de incredere si pe termen lung. Furnizorii mici incearca sa-si situeze facilitatile sale alaturi de amplasarea unei companii mari cu care ei lucreaza.
Japonezii de asemenea prefera plantele de productie mici si specializate cu o capacitate limitata, in care oriunde este posibil tot utilajul necesar pentru un lucru anumit este grupat impreuna. Aceasta evita tot timpul de asteptare si de miscare implicat in expediarea semifabricatelor de la un departament la altul desi este des necesita flexibilitate, si angajati cu multe îndemânări.
Productia tocmai la timp reduce costurile de transport si al inventarului, si trebuie sa asigure ca nu ramin deşeuri in urma supraproductiei, sau de la muncitorii inactivi care asteapta partea lor. Ea permite cresterea productivitatii deoarece scurteaza timpul de tranzactie. Daca fabricile sunt echipate astfel incat timpul de productie este scurt atunci productia in cantitati mici este posibila. Unele probleme de calitate sau de defecte trebuie sa fie notate mult mai repede, timpul de executie este redus, si o firma poate răspunde mai rapid la cererea de modificari.
Brandusa MariaESSAYS.
Production is a complex field of activity, which requires various human practical and intellectual skills and abilities to plan, organize and make decisions.
In each industry producers are faced with a problem which production strategy to choose- to produce or better to buy components for further production process. The head of a company should use the variant that provides more profitability and reduces costs of production.
Just-In-Production offers one method leading a highly efficient and flexible manufacturing process, following the system of outsourcing and producing only needed amounts of required goods without stocking and overproducing them.
As weak points of JIT system we treat a very excessive dependence of the manufacturing company on the chains of small subcontractors, which relies on mutual trust and very strong responsibility of each participant of the process.
Another weak point of JIT, as the American and European producers may consider, is absence of encouraging greater productivity and welcoming overproduction and stocking extras in case of future problems.
But in the same time we can distinguish these features of JIT, that yield high levels of efficiency and profitability.
They are the following: reducing the cost of holding inventory, minimizing of transportation costs and waiting time and production lead times, concentration of subcontractors’ and producer’s facilities nearby; possibility of very small production runs, and quick reaction to demand changes.
Thus the JIT system, certainly, is not ideal; and it has rather problematic weak points, while having convincing features enough to make producers risk and follow this system.
In conclusion I’d like to mention that whatever production system you choose without good human relationships, mutual trust and responsibility none business will achieve success.
Nowadays all manufacturing companies are faced with undoubtedly important “make – or – buy” decision: to produce all needed components or to buy them from subcontractors? Recently a new strategy has appeared that solves that particular problem, nevertheless East and West industrial systems treat that theory completely different. JIT – a great solution or a great disaster?
The economic dictionary defines JIT production as lean production, stockless production, continuous flow manufacture – nothing is bought or produced until it is needed. Its founder is Taiichi Ohno vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s. This strategy is widely implemented in Japanese industrial system but at the same time is criticized in United Europe and USA.
JIT production pursues the aim to economize factors of production and to minimize the costs of production by producing and purchasing only the necessary quantity of components and items. Consequently, money saved from overproduction will make a part of profit. JIT production also reacts more quickly to demand changes what is also very important.
American and European industry, which encourages greater productivity, criticizes JIT strategy for its unreliability. Indeed, if a subcontractor fails to deliver a component on time, production process will be stopped. At the same time, mutual trust and long – time relationships, which are characteristic for Japanese culture and industrial system, can be fundamental in these cases.
In conclusion I want to say that in my opinion JIT production strategy can be extremely useful for every manufacturing company. But remember, though it has a lot of advantages, if you distrust your business partners you should be very careful using it.
Exercises after the text (p.43)
TRUE/FALSE.
1.In JIT, products are "pulled" through the manufacturing process from the end, rather than "pushed" through from the beginning.
2. JIT originated in American manufacturing.
3. JIT encourages production workers to exceed their production targets.
4. Companies using the JIT system and outsourcing many of their components are highly dependent on their subcontractors.5. In a JIT system, a delivery of defective components can be replaced from the reserve inventory.
6. JIT depends on harmonious partnerships between a company and its suppliers.
7. Japanese production systems generally speed up the entire manufacturing process.
8. JIT leads to economies of scale.
VIDEO
1) True or False questions.
1. Bill Gates is one of the owners of Dell.
2. There are 6 facilities of Dell around the world.
3. Dell uses strategy of JIT.
4. During every hour the materials required are delivered to the factory.
5. All products manufactured by Dell are distributed from the only one center.
6. Dell’s servers are brains of facilities.
7. Park inventories are high.
8. All products in Dell have a unique tag number.
9. There are a lot of warehouses in Dell.
10. Kevin Rollins is a middle-level manager in Dell.
2) Fill in the following statements.
1.Michael Dell is chairman of ...............
2. Dell has manufacturing facilities ............
3. All orders in Dell are sequenced into production schedules every ----- hours.
4. Every manufacturing center across the globe acts like................. of facility.
5. Labelling is the ............... stage of production process in Dell.
7. There ..................warehouses and park inventories are .........
8. Identifier or Tag number is ...............and has human and machine ..................format.
Advantages of JIT Manufacturing.
___________________________________________________
1) Fill in the following sentences:
The advantages of JIT are:
1. A ............... in the set up times.
2.Goods, or WIP, from the warehouse flows much more ......
3. Increased ................. quality.
4....................supplying the plant their goods.
5.Use ..................... more efficiently.
6.Better............................
Video 3
Lean Manufacturing.
1) What does the lean mean?
2) Which are the main wastes of lean production?
3)How much percent of lead time is non value added?
4)What is the difference between value added and non-value-added?
5)Why are the people the biggest asset a company has?
6) What is the key of lean manufacturing?
___________________________________________________
1) Fill in the following sentences:
The advantages of JIT are:
1. A ............... in the set up times.
2.Goods, or WIP, from the warehouse flows much more ......
3. Increased ................. quality.
4....................supplying the plant their goods.
5.Use ..................... more efficiently.
6.Better............................
Video 3
Lean Manufacturing.
1) What does the lean mean?
2) Which are the main wastes of lean production?
3)How much percent of lead time is non value added?
4)What is the difference between value added and non-value-added?
5)Why are the people the biggest asset a company has?
6) What is the key of lean manufacturing?
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